PARTS OF CELL – The Different Parts And Their Function
PARTS OF CELL – In this topic, we will talk about the parts of cell and their functions, the theory , and the difference between a plant and animal cell.
Meaning and Theory
The cell is the basic unit of life, the theory states that:
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells;
- All cells carry out life activities ( require energy, grow, have a limited size); and
- New cells arise only from other living cells by the process of cell division.
Parts of Cell
The 3 Main Components
- Plasma membrane/ Cell membrane – it is a bilipid, fluid-like, and membraneous layer composed of proteins and carbohydrates. The membrane separates the cell from its external environment, thus, protecting it and making it stable.
- Cytoplasm – it is a jelly-like substance composed of mainly water and makes up most of the “body” and is constantly streaming. The cytoplasm dissolves substances like salt and is home of the organelles.
- Nucleus – it is the largest organelle. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope/membrane and contains genetic information (DNA) on special strands called chromosomes. It is known as the control center.
Organelles found in both plant and animal cells
- Endoplastic Reticulum (ER) – a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. It is the “transport system”. There are two types: rough ER and smooth ER.
- Golgi Apparatus/Body – stacks of flattened membranous stacks and stores protein.
- Lysosomes – also known as the “suicide sac”, they aresmall sac-like structures surrounded by a single membrane. They contain strong digestive enzymes which when released can break down worn out organelles or food
- Mitochondria – they are round “tube-like” organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane. It is regarded as the powerhouse”. It releases food energy from food molecules to be utilized.
- Vacuoles – fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane and can store materials such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products.
Organelles in Plant Cells
- Cell Wall – a rigid organelle composed of cellulose and lying just outside the membrane. It serves as protection.
- Plastids – double membrane bound organelles that stores food. there are two types:
- Leucoplasts – colorless organelles which store starch or other plant nutrients.
- Chromoplasts – contain different colored pigments.
- Central Vacuole – a large fluid-filled vacuole found in plants.
Organelles in Animal Cells
- Cilia and Flegella – hair-like organelles which extend from the surface of many animal cells. The flagella is whiplike, while the cilia is shorter. Their functions include locomotion for one-celled organisms and to move substances over cell surfaces in multi-celled organisms.
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